Yanditswe na Nkubito Nicholas
Iyi ni inyandiko isangiza abasomyi ku gitekerezo nagize nyuma yo gusoma bimwe mu ibitabo byinshi byanditswe kuri Jenoside nyuma gato ya 1994, ibyo bitabo byanteye kwibaza ku uburyo byari byanditswemo, ababyanditse n’ibirimo. Nyuma narebye za gacaca ntegereza ko zakwandikwaho ibitabo ariko ndabibura. Nyuma y’imyaka 26 nibaza ari nde ushobora gufata ijambo Muri iki gihe ninde wemerewe kuvuga/kwandika kuri jenoside? Ubyemerewe yemerewe/ abujijwe kwandika/kuvuga iki? Ni nde ubitangira uruhushya cyangwa akabihanira ababikoze batabyemerewe?
Iyo usomye Itegeko-Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, mu gice cya mbere, icyo bise preamble mu cyongereza, aho bavuga ku mateka y’u Rwanda, humvikanamo ibintu bibiri gusa. Icya mbere ni uguhanga u Rwanda nk’igihugu, icya kabiri ni Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Kuba ibyo bintu bibiri bivugwa mu ItegekoNshinga ryanditswe kandi rigashyirwaho umukono mu izina ry’Abanyarwanda bose, byumvikanisha ko ari ibintu Abanyarwanda bose bazi kandi bafiteho ijambo n’inshingano yo gusobanura no kubika mu bucurabwenge no muruhererekane-mvugo/nyandiko. Uko ibihe bigenda ariko, niba kuvuga/kwandika ku uburyo u Rwanda rwubatswe bishobora kuvugwa kimwe cyangwa bikagirwaho impaka zidakabije, kuvuga kuri Jenoside byo bimeze nk’aho bisabirwa uruhushya.
Abanyamahanga basuye u Rwanda muri 1998, bandika ibitabo
Muri 2011 nasomye igitabo cyitwa L’aîné des orphelins (ngenekereje mu kinyarwanda nakita imfura y’impfubyi) cyanditswe n’umwanditsi witwa Tierno Monénembo kikaba ari kimwe mubitabo byanditswe n`abanditsi bagera ku icumi, barimo Abanyarwanda bake, basuye u Rwanda mu kwezi kwa karindwi -Nyakanga- umwaka wa 1998. Bamwe muri abo ni bwo bwa mbere bari baje mu Rwanda, maze bahamara amezi make, bari bafite umugambi wo gusura u Rwanda, bakarureba, bakavugana n’Abanyarwanda, bagasura inzibutso zitari nke zari zimaze kubakwa ndetse bakaganira cyane n’abanyarwanda bacitse ku icumu, nyuma y’ibyo bakandika ibitabo ku mahano yari amaze imyaka ine gusa abereye mu Rwanda, yari amaze kwemerwa n’umuryango w’abibumbye nka Jenoside. Ibyo byiswe umusanzu mpuzamahanga w’umwanditsi mu kurwanya amahano, bakavuga ko banditse kugira ngo hatazabaho kwibagirwa.
Bamwe muri abo banditsi, bamaze kuva um Rwanda byabananiye kwandika nk’uko babishakaga mbere, abandi bivugwa ko bahahamutse ariko abandi bahise biyemeza kuzahora babyandikaho, bahinduka inararibonye zigishwa inama ku birebana n’ayo mateka. Bamwe ibyo banditse kugeza magingo aya bigibwaho impaka kurusha abandi, ibindi byigwaho binandikwaho n’abahanga benshi bikanakoreshwa mu mashuri aho biga ku Rwanda. Maze gusoma icyo gitabo, L’aîné des orphelins, nashatse n’ikindi ndakomeza nsoma nka bitatu. Buri mwanditsi yari yanditse uko ashaka, yakwandika imivugo, yakwandika inkuru mpimbano zishingiye ku byabayeho nk’uko yabibwiye cyangwa akabyoroshya buhoro, yakwandika nk’utanga ubuhamya, ibyo ni umwanditsi wabyihitiragamo. Nyuma y’ibyo bitabo by’abanditsi b’abanyamahanga nashatse n’ibindi byanditswe n’Abanyarwanda nabyo nsomamo bike bike. N’ubwo ibyandikwagamo byafatwaga nk’amahame cyangwa amateka, uretse abacikacumu batari benshi muri uwo mushinga bakaba barandikaga batanga ubuhamya kubyababayeho, abenshi muri abo banditsi banditse ibyo babwiwe ariko bakabihindura nk’inkuru mbimbano, abandi bake cyane bandika ibyo babirebera kure. Nta mwanditsi n’umwe muri icyo gihe wari bwandike kuri ayo mahano avuga ko yari ayahagazeho, nk’indeberezi cyangwa nk’umwicanyi.
Gacaca zarabaye, habura ibitabo
Nyuma y’ibyo bitabo hakurikiyeho igihe cy’imanza za Gacaca, aho abantu benshi bemeraga ibyaha, bakavuga uko babikoze mu inkuru zimeze nkamashusho y’iterabwoba, maze nyuma bakababarirwa, bagafungurwa bagasubira iwabo mumiryango. Muri icyo gihe nibajije impamvu izo nkuru nazo zitavanywagamo ibitabo kandi zaravugirwaga mu uruhame, ku Karubanda. Nta mwanditsi wazikozemo igitabo, cyangwa ngo bazikoreho amashusho (films). Icyo kibazo natangiye kucyibaza maze kugira akamenyero ko gusoma ibyo bitabo ntangiye gushaka gusoma ibyanditswe n’abanditsi batandukanye.
Nyuma ya Gacaca gato hasohotse ikindi gitabo nasomye cyitwa Le Passé devant soi cyanditswe n’Umunyarwanda witwa Gilbert Gatore. Muri icyo gitabo ashyiramo inkuru z’umwe mu bakoze jenoside. Icyo gitabo cyafashwe nk’icyambere cyahaye ijambo umwicanyi. Nubwo abasomyi benshi banditse bavuga ko bagikunze kikanandikwaho byinshi, hari abandi bacyamaganye bavuga ko igihe cyo guha abicanyi ijambo cyari kitaragera. Uwitwa Jean Kambanda wemeye ibyaha bya jenocide mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nawe ngo yanditse igitabo kuri Jenoside ariko barakirwanyije abanza no kubura icapiro ryagigisohora, nacyo nari mfite amatsiko yo kugisoma ariko cyaje gusohoka narabivuyemo. Uko ibitabo byakurikiranaga n’uburyo byakirwaga n’abasomyi ndetse n’impaka byateraga byatumye nibaza ikibazo kimwe. Icyo kibazo cyarebaga n’abanditsi, ibyo bandika, uburyo byakirwa n’abasomyi n’uburyo bimwe babirwanyaga na ba nyirabyo bagaterwa amabuye ni iki: Ninde wemerewe kuvuga/kwandika kuri ariya marorerwa bikakirwa neza, abujijwe kwandika iki, ahabwa na nde uruhushya? Ibyo mbyibaza nabaga ndeba nk’Umunyarwanda nkabona abantu benshi bafite icyo bavuga babonye cyangwa bumvishe gishobora kuba umusanzu. Muri kiriya gihe, abanyamahanga bumvaga ko u Rwanda rwari rutuwe n’abantu batatu gusa, abicanyi benshi, abacikacumu bake, abasirikari bahagaritse ubwicanyi hamwe n’abantu baje bavuye hanze batazi byinshi ku Rwanda rwo hambere. Ntamunyamahanga wumvaga ko kuri buri musozi wo mu Rwanda hashobora kuboneka umuntu wari uhari muri 1994, jenoside ikaba yarabaye areba, ntayikore, ntagire icyo ahindura, akaba indeberezi, akaba yarabonye byinshi bitabonywe n’umucikacumu wari wihishe cyangwa ahunga, byinshi bitabonywe n’umusirikari wahageze akererewe, cyangwa bitanabonywe n’umwicanyi wari uhugiye kukwiruka inyuma y’abo yica cyangwa asahura.
Umucikacumu yahawe ijambo birangira barimunigishije
Muri kiriya gihe byagaragaraga ko murwego rwo kuvuga no kwandika, umuntu wari ukenewe ngo abare inkuru yari uwarokotse, uwacitse icumu. Abantu bose niwe bashakaga ngo bamutege amatwi. Aho ari hose ntibamuhaga ikiruhuko, bamuvugishaga nk’abari kumuvura, nk’abari kwicuza, ntibamuhaga agahenge. Umucikacumu niwe wari wemerewe kuvuga ku amahano yagwiriye u Rwanda nta mususu, bikemerwa nta kuzuyaza, ndetse bikanacuruzwa. Umucikacumu yari afite ijambo kurusha n’abategetsi bavugaga ko bahagaritse amarorerwa. Abandi bose, ibyo bari kwandika byose muri icyo gihe byazaga inyuma y’ubuhamya bw’umucikacumu.
Mu minsi ishize nabonye vídeo kuri YouTube aho umunyarwanda witwa Aimable Karasira, umunyarwanda uzwi nk’umucikacumu ndetse nk’umuntu uharanira gutanga ibitekerezo bye, yahamagawe n’ikigo cy’uRwanda gishinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha -RIB- (Rwandan Investigation Bureau) kimubwira ko atemerewe kugira icyo avuga kuri jenoside, ko abujijwe kuzongera gukoresha iryo jambo mu biganiro bye byumvikana hanze no gutanga ibitekerezo kuri ariya mahano yagwiriye u rwanda. Ibyo byanyibukije ko bivugwa ko icyo kigo cyari cyarabibujije na nyakwigendera Kizito Mihigo (Imana imuhe iruhuko ridashira). Muri iki gihe nta Munyarwanda ushidikanya ko Kizito yazize kuba ataremeye guceceka nk’uko yari yabitegetswe ngo ntazongere kuvuga jenoside, ubumwe ndetse n’ubwiyunge. Ntawe ushidikanya ko abari barabimubujije ndetse bakanamubwira ko nabirengaho azabizira aribo bamunize bamaze kubona ko adacecekeshwa.
Izi nkuru ebyiri mbasangije ziragaragaza ukuntu ijambo n’ikaramu byagiye bihererekanywa kuri jenoside, bikaba byakiza, byakicisha cyangwa bikanyagisha bitewe n’igihe ijambo cyangwa ikaramu bikoreshejwe, ubikoresheje ndetse n’uburyo abikoresheje. Aha rero niho ibibazo byose nabajije hejuru bishingiye. Biragaragara ko mu myaka yashize umucikacumu ariwe wavugaga kuri jenoside bikumvikana, none ubu iyo umucikacumu avuze kuri jenoside yarokotse baramucecekesha cyangwa bakamuniga. Ni nde rero ubu wemerewe kuvuga cyangwa kwandika kuri jenoside. Abandi bazahabwa ijambo ryari, bazarihabwa na nde? Ubyemerewe ubu azacecekeshwa ryari? Azemera guceceka cyangwa bazamuniga? Ni nde uzemera gukurikiraho? Ni umucikacumu uzisubiza ijambo cyangwa ni utaravuga uzarihabwa cyangwa akaryiha? Nk’uko nabikomojeho hejuru hari abantu bari mu rwanda muri 1994, abicanyi, abishwe n’abarokotse, hamwe n’abataricwaga ariko batanicaga, ubu noneho hiyongereyeho n’abavutse kuri abo bose ba mbere, mu Rwanda ndetse no hirya no hino ku isi. Abo bose hari ibyo bazi ariko uko igihe cyagiye kigenda ni ko ibyabo byagiye bitera imbere, barakura, bariga, baratekereza, barareba barasobanukirwa, barakanguka, bamwe bahindura imyumvire, bamwe baricuza, … Mu gufata cyangwa guhabwa ijambo/ikaramu, nabyo byagiye bihinduka, uwatagatifujwe none ejo akagirwa umupagani, uwahawe ijambo none ejo akariniganwa, uwacecekeshejwe none ejo bakamusaba kuvuga, ibyavuzwe bikakirwa neza ejo buracya bigahindurwa amanjwa, gutyo bugacya bukira. Ibyo bintu byavuyemo amasomo. Biragaragara ko inzira y’ubwiyunge itakiri ndende cyane. Ibitoki bizengwamo inzoga y’ubwiyunge birakomeye. Ubuki n’amasaka byo kuyibetera bireze. Hakenewe abazabyenga. Igihe kirageze ngo twihutishe igihe.
Munyarwanda fata ijambo, fata ikaramu
Icyo nshaka kurangirizaho mbere yoguha ijambo abasomyi ngo bakomeze iki kiganiro, ni amahirwe n’inshingano dufite muri iki gihe turimo. Isaha irageze, igihe ni iki. Ntabwo tugomba gutegereza igihe cyo guhabwa ijambo mu byiciro no kuriniganwa mu kuvuga ibyo abaturagije inkoni y’icyuma bashaka. Amahirwe dufite ni uko muri iki gihe Abanyarwanda (ndetse n’abanyamahanga) benshi bamaze guhumuka no kumenya ukuri. Ingero ni nyinshi z’abanyarwanda batacyumva ibyo twitaga igipindi. Ingero ni nyinshi z’abanyamahanga batakibeshywa ku birebana n’u Rwanda. Urwango, inzigo n’inzika zose zari zarabagize impumyi n’imbata, bamaze kubona ko ari ibicuruzwa bizanira inyungu abashumba baturagiye nk’inka zabo, ariko bigahombya u Rwada n’Abanyarwanda. Niba umunyacyaha agomba kugihanirwa cyangwa akababarirwa, hari abantu batagomba gukomeza gufatwa nk’intwari kandi bagenda bakoresha abandi mu gucuruza agahinda kabo. Niba ejo umucikacumu yari afite ijambo none akaba ari kuriniganwa ku bintu bimureba kandi biri mu Itegeko-Nshinga, niba abacecekeshwaga nk’abicanyi aribo basigaye bahabwa ijambo bagatanga ibitekerezo mu mishinga y’igihugu gihagaze ku imanga inyerera, igihe kirageze ngo twese hamwe nk’abitsamuye twihutishe igihe n’ibikorwa duhindure ibintu maze na bamwe babaye indeberezi, na bamwe bavutse cyangwa bahumutse nyuma bahabwe cyangwa bihe ijambo, twese twubake igihugu giha amahirwe ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, igihugu gitanga amahirwe yo kwimura inzigo no kwimika igihango.
Imana y’i Rwanda ibane na mwe
Nkubito Nicholas